Developing Legal Reforms

DO THE FOLLOWING FOR THE LAW REVIEW ARTICLE ATTACHED.

1. a) Article title: What is the title and subtitle of your Law Review Article?

b) Author(s): What are the full names of the article’s authors? Include author authors’ names, however, sometimes you need to look in a footnote on the title page or elsewhere in the document. In rare occasions, author affiliations are not listed.

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3. Use the “Are Your Sources CRAAP?” criteria below to evaluate your Law Review Article. NOTE: For a Law Review Article, only use the first three criteria called “Currency,” “Relevance,” & “Authority” to evaluate your Article. The last two criteria (Accuracy & Purpose) are important for scientific articles, but since Law Review articles are meant to persuade, we only need to use the first three criteria. After looking at the first three criteria of “Currency,” “Relevance,” & “Authority”, answer the following question: Why did you select this article and why you think this article is appropriate for writing a paper based on credible university-level research?

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Report Information from ProQuest March 19 2019 01:25

Pay gap between men and women in California is nearly $79 billion a year Kitroeff, Natalie; Agrawal, Nina . Los Angeles Times (Online) , Los Angeles: Tribune Interactive, LLC. Apr

4, 2017.

ProQuest document link

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) In California, the difference is $7,227 a year A woman who works full time in California makes a median income of

$43,335, compared with a median of $50,562 for a man, according to an analysis of Census Bureau data conducted

by the National Partnership for Women and Families, an advocacy group. Women are in lower-paying jobs

Although the pay gap was present across industries and within occupations, much of it can be attributed to

differences in occupation and industry: The decline in labor force participation can have negative effects on the

nation’s productivity and standard of living, according to Pew. Census data also show that women are paid less

than men within the industries where most Americans work, including healthcare, education and manufacturing,

and within specific jobs, like sales, management, production and administrative functions. FULL TEXT Today is Equal Pay Day, which was invented by an activist group two decades ago to draw attention to the wage

divide between men and women.

The day comes in April, marking how many extra months women would have to work into the new year to make

what men made the year before.

The divide in pay has narrowed since 1996, but women in the U.S. still make about 80 cents for every dollar a man

earns, according to census data.

Here are some basic facts about that persistent gap:

In California, the difference is $7,227 a year

A woman who works full time in California makes a median income of $43,335, compared with a median of $50,562

for a man, according to an analysis of Census Bureau data conducted by the National Partnership for Women and

Families, an advocacy group.

That makes for a difference of a little more than $7,200 a year, or the average cost of more than five months of rent

in the state.

California’s Latina women are further behind – they earn just 43 cents on the dollar, compared with white men.

Black women earn 63 cents, and Asian women earn 72 cents.

In total, the analysis found, women in California would earn $78.6 billion more per year if their mean pay were same

as men’s.

Women are in lower-paying jobs

Although the pay gap was present across industries and within occupations, much of it can be attributed to

differences in occupation and industry: Women tend to go into fields where salaries are lower and perform jobs

that pay less.

That’s a key takeaway from a 2016 study by two Cornell economists, Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn, published

by the National Bureau of Economic Research. They found that 51% of the difference in the compensation of

women and men is related to the fact that female workers are more concentrated in underpaid sectors, such as

nursing and education, and in lower-level roles.

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Women have managed to overtake men in education and almost completely catch up in experience over the past

three decades. But the divide in the types of careers women and men gravitate toward persists, and seems to hold

back women’s pay.

Women ask for less money

When hunting for a new job, women ask for lower salaries than men, and they leave the table with less money,

according to a study published last year by Hired, a website that connects employers to job seekers.

The website studied data from 100,000 salary offers for tech, marketing and sales jobs, and it found that nationally

women asked for an average of $14,000 less in compensation than men overall. Employers offered women about

3% less than what they offered men to fill the same position, with the same job title, the analysis showed.

In Los Angeles, women asked for $10,000 less than men, and took home $8,000 less. In San Francisco, they asked

for $12,000 less and received about $9,000 less.

Those expectations mattered: Women who asked for bigger salaries than men ended up getting them.

Women just entering the job market, with less than two years of experience, expected to get paid a little bit more

than men, the Hired study found. More experienced women expected to get paid less. The junior women left

negotiations with salaries that were 7% higher than those of junior men.

Women make up nearly half the labor force

Women accounted for 46.8% of the U.S. labor force in 2016, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. That’s a

lot of progress since 1950, when women made up 29.6%, according to historical data analyzed by the Pew

Research Center.

But the female share of the workforce appears to have plateaued in recent years. The bureau projects it will peak

at 47.1% in 2025 and then taper off, meaning women would remain a minority in the workforce.

The decline in labor force participation can have negative effects on the nation’s productivity and standard of

living, according to Pew.

Discrimination is probably still happening

The Cornell study found that a chunk of the pay differential could not be explained by measurable qualities of

American workplaces. The authors say that one hard-to-quantify factor at play could be discrimination.

Indeed, research has shown that many women with the same credentials who work in the same exact jobs as men

earn less. A 2015 Bloomberg analysis of more than 12,000 MBAs found that, eight years out of business school,

women earned 20% less than the men they graduated with.

The divide persisted within industries, job functions and for people who got their degree from the same business

school.

Census data also show that women are paid less than men within the industries where most Americans work,

including healthcare, education and manufacturing, and within specific jobs, like sales, management, production

and administrative functions.

What’s more, it seems that women cannot always choose to make more than men by shifting into a higher paying

field. A comprehensive study of census data from 1950 through 2000 found that as women began working in

occupations that once were dominated by men – as biologists or designers, for example – the compensation in

those jobs declined.

natalie.kitroeff@latimes.com

nina.agrawal@latimes.com

Twitter: @NatalieKitro, @AgrawalNina

Credit: Natalie Kitroeff, Nina Agrawal DETAILS

Database copyright  2019 ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. Terms and Conditions Contact ProQuest

Subject: Men; Compensation; Wages &salaries; Occupations; Women; Labor force; Mens

health; Census of Population

Location: California United States–US

Company / organization: Name: Bureau of the Census; NAICS: 926110; Name: National Bureau of Economic

Research; NAICS: 541720

Publication title: Los Angeles Times (Online); Los Angeles

Publication year: 2017

Publication date: Apr 4, 2017

Section: Business

Publisher: Tribune Interactive, LLC

Place of publication: Los Angeles

Country of publication: United States, Los Angeles

Publication subject: General Interest Periodicals–United States

Source type: Blogs, Podcasts, &Websites

Language of publication: English

Document type: News

ProQuest document ID: 1884140227

Document URL: http://0-

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8

Copyright: Copyright Tribune Interactive, LLC Apr 4, 2017

Last updated: 2017-04-05

Database: Global Newsstream

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Pay gap between men and women in California is nearly $79 billion a year