Introduction to Oceanography
Question 1 (1 point)
Question 2 (1 point)
Question 3 (1 point)
Question 4 (1 point)
Question 5 (1 point)
Note: It is recommended that you save your response as you complete each question.
The largest component by volume of dry air is oxygen.
true
false
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If water absorbed all light and did not scatter or reflect it, what color would the the ocean appear when viewed from above?
blue
black
white
red
yellow
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If a sound pulse is sent vertically downward into the sea and its reflected echo from the seafloor returns 6 seconds later, the depth of the water is _______ meters.
9,000
12,000
3,000
6,600
4,500
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What property of water allows you to place a volume of water in a glass that is greater than the volume of the glass?
compressibility
surface tension
heat capacity
density
viscosity
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Imagine an experiment where we uniformly heat three containers, one with water, one with dry sand, one with damp sand. Which one would experience the greatest increase in temperature?
dry sand
it is impossible to tell with the information given
they would all heat up the same amount
damp sand
water
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Question 6 (1 point)
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Question 10 (1 point)
How many calories are required to convert 2 grams of ice at 0 degrees C to water vapor at 100 degrees C?
670
1440
160
2768
1180
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Forchhammer’s principle states that the _____________ of dissolved salts per unit volume of ocean water is nearly constant, even though the ________________ may change.
amount, proportion
density, salinity
proportion, amount
quantity, equilibrium
equilibrium, quantity
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Approximately what percentage of seawater is dissolved solids?
86
2.5
3.5
none of the above
35
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When warm, moist air passes over cold water or a cold earth surface, _____ fog is formed, and heat is transferred from __________. (Hint: don’t panic, combine what you learned about fog with latent heat.)
radiative; water vapor to the surrounding air
radiative; the surrounding air to water vapor
advective; water vapor to the surrounding air
advective; the surrounding air to water vapor
sea smoke; water vapor to the surrounding air
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Which of the following is NOT necessary for radiation fog to occur?
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Question 11 (1 point)
Question 12 (1 point)
Question 13 (1 point)
Question 14 (1 point)
Question 15 (1 point)
no sunshine
little or no cloud cover
light or no surface breeze
cold, wet ground
moisture at ground level
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If all the world’s sea ice melted, sea level would
rise
fall
remain the same
you can’t tell from the given information
it depends on the season
Save
If the world’s sea ice melted, sea level would rise.
true
false
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A local coastal wind controlled only by daily temperature variation between land and water will blow ______________ during the day.
45 degrees to the right
onshore
45 degrees to the left
offshore
parallel to the shore
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What physical property is the driving force of convection cell circulation?
density
energy
calories
heat
viscosity
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The amount of energy from the sun entering the earth’s atmosphere
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Question 16 (1 point)
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Question 19 (1 point)
cannot be measured
is the same across the tropics
does not vary with latitude
is always highest at the equator on the equinoxes
is the same at the Earth’s surface as the top of the atmosphere
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Atlantic basin hurricanes move from east to west mainly because of
convection
Coriolis effect
the northeast trade winds
the westerly trade winds
Earth’s rotation
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The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the meeting place of what two wind belts?
southeast trades and northeast trades
doldrums and northeast trades
doldrums and southeast trades
polar easterilies and southwest trades
southwest trades and southeast trades
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The average location of the meteorological equator is
23.5 degrees south latitude
coincident with the geographic equator
5 degrees north latitude
23.5 degrees north latitude
5 degrees south latitude
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The location labeled “A” most likely experiences
winter dry monsoons
dry, rainshadow effects
orographic rainfall
summer wet monsoons
landbreezes
Save
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Question 20 (1 point)
Question 21 (1 point)
Question 22 (1 point)
Question 23 (1 point)
Question 24 (1 point)
Question 25 (1 point)
Daily summer solar radiation levels at polar latitudes are caused by the high intensity of radiation per unit surface area rather than by long periods of daylight.
true
false
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Why is more heat energy absorbed from the sun in the tropics than at the poles?
land masses are larger in the tropics
there is more water in the tropics
there is a higher angle of incidence of solar rays in the tropics
there is a lower angle of incidence of solar rays in the tropics
there is more cloud cover at the poles
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The tropics are warmer than the poles because there is more incoming solar radiation at low latitudes than at high latitudes.
true
false
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The weather systems across the United States move from west to east mainly because of
the northeast trade winds
Earth’s rotation
convection
Coriolis effect
the westerly trade winds
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A wind blowing from Miami to New York would be called a ____________ wind.
west
east
hurricane
north
south
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The accompanying diagram shows the conditions during what phenomenon and what season?
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Question 26 (1 point)
Question 27 (1 point)
Question 28 (1 point)
La Niña summer
Normal or neutral conditions
El Niño summer
El Niño winter
La Niña winter
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The cause of the decrease in primary productivity during El Niño is
Carbon dioxide levels too high
Major upwelling of nutrients
Decreased upwelling of nutrients
Increased oxygenation of surface water
Decreased downwelling of nutrients
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The accompanying diagram shows the conditions during what phenomenon and what season?
La Niña winter
La Niña summer
El Niño winter
El Niño summer
Normal or neutral conditions
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During La Niña, sea level in the western Pacific is __________ than during El Niño.
higher
lower
variable
the same as
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Question 29 (1 point)
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Question 33 (1 point)
The Southern Oscillation Index
is essentially a mirror image of sea surface temperature
shows the trend of atmospheric pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia
shows the “SO” in “ENSO”
is one measure of the large-scale fluctuations in air pressure occurring between the western and eastern tropical Pacific
each of the choices is correct
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The atmospheric convection cell associated with the El Niño phenomenon is
Southern Oscillation
Walker Circulation
Doldrums
Jet Stream
Hadley Cell
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The feature labeled “F” is _________ _____________ during an El Niño.
an ocean current. It moves to the east
the thermocline. It occurs deeper in the eastern Pacific Ocean
convection. It forms further east
upwelling. It may get “shut off” by the layer of warm water above it
normal circulation. The surface winds (trade winds) may reverse
the warm pool. It starts to spread eastward when the trade winds slacken
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The “barometric effect” accounts for about _______ increase in storm surge level for every 1 millibar drop in air pressure associated with a hurricane.
1 inch
1 foot
1 centimeter
1 meter
10 meters
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You are watching the evening news with your family and hear reports of a tropical cyclone hitting Australia. You can confidently tell your family that the winds in the storm are rotating __________.
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Question 34 (1 point)
Question 35 (1 point)
to the left
to the right
clockwise
counterclockwise
forward
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Maximum wind speed in a hurricane occurs
at sea level
in the right, front quadrant
in the Caribbean
in the eye wall
in the eye
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The areas in red are common zones of hurricane formation. There no (or very few) hurricanes formed in the area labeled “A.” Why?
coriolis effect moves hurricanes away from “A”
downwelling makes the water warm
monsoons interfere with hurricane formation there
upwelling usually makes the surface water too cold for hurricanes to form
the trade winds knock the tops off hurricanes there
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Question 36 (1 point)
Question 37 (1 point)
Question 38 (1 point)
Storm surges
result from the very high atmospheric pressures associated with hurricanes
only form at high tides
only form at low tides
occurs on the back side of hurricanes
may be amplified by concave shorelines and broad shallow continental shelves
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Storm surge is a theoretical still-water level. Storm waves are in addition to the storm surge.
true
false
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As the hurricane approaches land, which directions are the winds at City B?
alongshore
down
offshore
up
onshore
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Question 39 (1 point)
Question 40 (1 point)
Question 41 (1 point)
Question 42 (1 point)
Of these properties, which is the most important in controlling the density of water?
none of these is more important than the others
heat capacity
temperature
salinity
pressure
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What drives the ocean conveyor system?
density
salinity
pressure
temperature
upwelling
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Which of the following processes can cause surface seawater to increase in density?
sea ice formation
sea ice melting
surface water evaporation
both sea ice formation and surface water evaporation
both sea ice melting and surface water evaporation
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Question 43 (1 point)
Using the labeled latitudes A-E, where would you likely find higher than average sea surface salinity?
A only
C only
E only
C and E
D only
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Question 44 (1 point)
Using the labeled latitudes A-E, where is air sinking on a global atmospheric scale?
D only
C only
A, C, and E
A only
C and E
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Question 45 (1 point)
Using the labeled latitudes A-E, where would you likely find lower than average sea surface salinity?
A only
B only
B and D
C and E
D only
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The water mass having both high salinity and warm temperature and found at about 1,000 meters water depth in the central north Atlantic has been formed
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Question 46 (1 point)
Question 47 (1 point)
in equatorial regions
in the Red Sea
in the Mediterranean Sea
near Greenland
in the Caribbean Sea
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The water layer region between 100-1,000 meters where temperature changes rapidly with depth is known as a(n)
halocline
thermocline
pycnocline
thermohaline
isopycnal
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The temperature plot labeled “A” is characteristic of ocean temperature in what area?
r
temperate latitudes
the south pole
tropical latitudes
high latitudes
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Question 48 (1 point)
Question 49 (1 point)
Question 50 (1 point)
Question 51 (1 point)
Which term does not belong when describing major upweling off of the western coast of South America?
convection
surface divergence
La Nina
wind
continuity
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On this representation of the waters adjacent to the east coast of the United States, the letter “C” indicates
warm core ring(s)
cold core ring(s)
color for cold water
the Gulf Stream
color for warm water
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Ekman transport associated with the doldrums creates the
intermediate water
subtropical divergence
Sargasso convergence
tropical divergence
dispersion
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Which of the following describes the pattern of the North Atlantic gyre.
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Question 52 (1 point)
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Question 55 (1 point)
it circulates counterclockwise
at latitude 10-15 degrees it is driven westward by the northeast trade winds
it is centered over the equator
at latitude 10-15 degrees it is driven westward by the prevailing westerlies
it stops circulating at night
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Circulation of both the atmosphere and the oceans is driven by what type of currents?
parallel
surface
convection
downwelled
divergent
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The energy for driving ocean surface currents is ultimately derived from
plate tectonics
gravity
the sun
radioactive decay
density
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Large scale ocean surface currents
are put into motion by the rotation of the earth
are deflected by the same coriolis effect as the atmosphere
change rapidly with daily weather changes
move at the same velocity as the winds that drive them
do not exist
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The only ocean surface current to completely encircle the globe is the
West Wind Drift
Gulf Stream
Canary Current
Equatorial Countercurrent
North Atlantic Drift
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Question 57 (1 point)
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Question 60 (1 point)
Another name for wind-driven circulation is _______________________
density-driven circulation
gyres
Coriolis effect
friction-driven circulation
thermohaline circulation
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When waves arrive at monitoring stations set up long distances from a storm center, which waves arrive first?
long wavelength waves
short wavelength waves
steeper waves
internal waves
capillary waves
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How does wave group speed compare to celerity?
group speed is twice that of celerity
they are not related
group speed is one-half of celerity
celerity is one-half of group speed
they are equal
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When a wave trough is passing by a given point, water particles are moving
forward
backward
up
down
sideways
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Which type of breaking waves are the best to surf on?
pushing breakers
surging breakers
spilling breakers
collapsing breakers
plunging breakers
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Question 61 (1 point)
Question 62 (1 point)
Question 63 (1 point)
Question 64 (1 point)
Question 65 (1 point)
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The photo shows channels running from shore seaward cutting across the surf zone. These are probably formed by
shallow water waves
reflected waves
refracted waves
rip currents
internal waves
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What, ultimatley, is the source of all wind waves on earth?
wind
currents
gravity
the sun
the moon
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The orbital motion of a shallow water wave extends to a water depth equal to
twice the wavelength
one-half the vavelength
one-half the wave height
the water depth
the wave’s height
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At the coast, wave refraction results in wave energy being concentrated _______ and dispersed ________.
in deep water; behind breakwaters
on headlands; in bays
in shallow water; in deep water
in bays; on headlands
in deep water; in shallow water
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Energy moving through water along a pycnocline would best be described as
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Question 66 (1 point)
Question 67 (1 point)
a boundary wave
a counter current
a convection current
an internal wave
a rip current
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The arrows labeled “A” point to ___________ of a standing wave.
the length
the troughs
the nodes
the crests
the antinodes
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Which of the following is not a generating force of tsunamis?
submarine landslide
tides
submarine volcano
wind
earthquake
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Question 68 (1 point)
Question 69 (1 point)
Question 70 (1 point)
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The dashed lines labeled “B” on the accompanying figure are known as
precession lines
cotidal lines
declination lines
corange lines
Coriolis lines
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Diurnal tides complete how many tidal cycle(s) per day?
one
two
three
one, but only at low latitudes
none, it takes a month to complete a tidal cycle
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Question 71 (1 point)
The island at position “C” is experiencing what kind of tide?
higher low tide
lower low tide
higher high tide
lower high tide
low tide, but you can’t tell if it’s lower or higher
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The tidal bulge at “A” is created by
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Question 72 (1 point)
Question 73 (1 point)
Question 74 (1 point)
both centrifugal force and gravitational attraction
gravitational attraction
centrifugal force
Earth’s rotation
the sun
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If the high tide of a diurnal tide occurs at 10:00 AM one day, approximately when will the next high tide occur?
10:25 PM the same day
10:50 AM the next day
10:00 AM the next day
10:00 PM the same day
10:25 AM the next day
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If a high tide of a semidiurnal tide occurs at 10:00 AM, approximately when will the next high tide occur?
10:25 PM the same day
10:50 AM the next day
10:00 AM the next day
10:00 PM the same day
10:25 AM the next day
Save
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Question 75 (1 point)
Question 76 (1 point)
The accompanying diagram shows shoreline features characteristic of erosional coasts. Letter “C” indicates what feature?
headland
sandy beaches
sea cave
blowhole
sea stack
sea arch
marine terrace
wave-cut platform
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The zone from outer limit of wave action to landward limit of wave influence is ___?
the beach shore coastal zone tide area coastal region
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Sections of the coast delineated by input of sediment from a river on one end and loss of sediment down a submarine canyon on the other end, are known as ____________. They are common in California.
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Question 77 (1 point)
Question 78 (1 point)
Question 79 (1 point)
Question 80 (1 point)
active margins
compartments
fairweather beaches
high tide shorelines
passive margins
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Coastal sediment cells on active continental margins often terminate at
submarine canyons
turbidity currents
the high tide line
the low tide line
at the winter berm
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Which of the following is not a feature of an erosional coast?
wave-cut platform
sea arch
sea cliff
sea stack
spit
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The net flow of sand along the east coast of the United States is mainly
east to west
west to east
north to south
south to north
offshore
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The shallow water area from the breaker zone to the edge of the continental shelf is referred to as the:
backshore
foreshore
offshore
berm
backwash
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Question 81 (1 point)
Question 82 (1 point)
Question 83 (1 point)
Question 84 (1 point)
Question 85 (1 point)
Sea stacks, barrier islands, and reefs are three examples of:
primary coasts
marine processes
dunes
secondary coasts
erosional coasts
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Which of the following offers evidence of barrier island migration?
salt marsh mud found on the beach
oyster shells on the beach on the front of islands
trees on the island
each of the choices is correct
both salt marsh mud found on the beach and oyster shells on the beach on the front of islands
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What are two key characteristics fundamental to understanding barrier islands?
Sea Walls and Groins
Slope and Ebb Tide
Coastal Zone and Sea Stack
Tidal inlets and Sediment
Movement and Change
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The net flow of sand moves in a certain direction. What is the direction in which the net flow of sand moves along Georgia’s coast?
Closest towards the Equator
Northwest to Southeast
South to North
West to East
North to South
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Today, the shells of sound welling oysters are found on the beach due to the fact that the _________ use to be there.
Sediment
Crabs
Sound
Sun
Waves
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Question 86 (1 point)
Question 87 (1 point)
Question 88 (1 point)
Question 89 (1 point)
Question 90 (1 point)
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Ordinarily, people would build their houses around the island. Although, they did place their houses on the back side of the island so ______ would protect them from winds and floods.
The forest
The high valley
The low part of the valley
The shallow creeks that ran behind
The shelters they were required to build behind their homes
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Which is not a good way to try to preserve a beach? (Hint: Has lead to turmoil for New Jersey).
Developing Dunes
Relocation
Soft Stabilization
Hard Stabilization
Formation of spits
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Fan-shaped sediment deposits on both the oceanside and back side of tidal inlets are called
submarine fans
jetties
sand bars
tidal deltas
turbidity currents
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We remember the work of Charles Darwin in oceanography primarily because of his study of
marine reptiles
surface currents
evolution
finches
coral reefs
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Who was the Naval officer who organized worldwide data on currents, water depths, ocean temperatures, and so forth, and wrote The Physical Geography of the Sea, the first significant book of oceanography?
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Question 91 (1 point)
Question 92 (1 point)
Question 93 (1 point)
Question 94 (1 point)
Matthew Maury
Charles Darwin
Wyville Thomson
Timothy Folger
Prince Henry
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The individual most responsible for the great age of European discovery beginning early in the 15th century was
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Sir Martin Frobisher
Amerigo Vespucci
Prince Henry the Navigator
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The Vikings were responsible for
colonization of Iceland and Greenland
superior ship building skills
each of the choices is correct
increased knowledge of navigation
longer voyages
Save
The average depth of the oceans is about
11,000 meters
120 meters
3,800 meters
3,800 kilometers
3,800 miles
Save
One degree of longitude is equal to approximately how much time?
four hours
four minutes
one minute
15 hours
one hour
Save
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Question 95 (1 point)
Question 96 (1 point)
Question 97 (1 point)
Question 98 (1 point)
One degree of longitude is equal to approximately how much time?
one minute
one hour
four hours
four minutes
15 hours
Save
Let’s say you set your chonometer to Greenwich time and leave jolly old England on holiday. You notice on your travels one day that when the sun is directly overhead (your local noon), that your chonometer reads exactly 2 PM. What is your exact longitude?
0 degrees
15 degrees west
15 degrees east
30 degrees west
30 degrees east
Save
What type of map is this?
physiographic
it’s a nautical chart, not a map
topographic
bathymetric
contour
Save
The average depth of the ocean on Earth is
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Question 99 (1 point)
Question 100 (1 point)
Question 101 (1 point)
Question 102 (1 point)
840 meters
1122
2646
2404
3729
Save
Where plates are pushing toward each other (converging), which features may be formed?
oceanic trench and continent
ocean and continent
ridge and oceanic trench
mountain chain and oceanic trench
continent and mountain chain
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Mt. St. Helens volcanism is associated with
an ocean-ocean convergence plate boundary
an continent-continent convergence plate boundary
an ocean-continent convergence plate boundary
a divergent plate boundary
a transform plate boundary
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Name one place where the mid-ocean ridge comes up on land.
the San Andreas Fault
the Andes Mountains
the Aleutian Island arc
Iceland
the Himalaya Mountains
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During subduction, oceanic plates under continents can partially melt and mix with contiental crust to form volcanoes made up of an intermediate rock type called
magma
lithosphere
andesite
basalt
granite
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Question 103 (1 point)
Question 104 (1 point)
Question 105 (1 point)
Question 106 (1 point)
Question 107 (1 point)
What is the name given to a seamount that is eroded flat in shallow water and then moved into deep water by sea floor spreading?
guyot
atoll
rift
ridge
trench
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What do the location and orientation of the Hawaiian Island and Emperor Seamount chains tell us about the history of motion of the Pacific Plate?
that it has moved southeast for over 70 million years
that it has moved to the northwest for over 100 million years
that it has been fixed in place for over 200 million years
that it has moved almost due north for over 70 million years
that around 40 million years ago it changed from almost northward to northwestward motion
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The oldest oceanic crust is approximately __________ years old.
4.6 billion
15 billion
1 thousand
50 million
250 million
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Continental shelves on trailing margins of continents are
broad
all of the choices are correct
gently sloping
often have large rivers
none of the choices are correct
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Changes in sea level alternately flood and expose the edges of continents. What is the primary control on sea-level changes?
Quiz – Introduction to Oceanography Section N01 Fall Semester 2013 CO… https://westga.view.usg.edu/d2l/lms/quizzing/user/attempt/quiz_attempt…
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Question 108 (1 point)
Question 109 (1 point)
Question 110 (1 point)
Question 111 (1 point)
Question 112 (1 point)
changes in ocean salinity
changes in depth of the continental margins
changes in height of the continental margins
changes in ice sheet volume
mountain building
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On average, the continental margin is about ________ miles wide and ________ meters deep.
100, 400
400, 100
40, 120
120, 40
1000, 1000
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Continental shelves on trailing (passive) continental margins are:
often have large rivers
broad
each of the choices is correct
gently sloping
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The general name for the deepest portion of any basin is
a sounding
a seamount
a deep
a profundity
a trench
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We know that 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by ocean, but what percent of Earth’s crust is oceanic?
29
71
34
98
66
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The widest continental shelves in the world are located in:
Quiz – Introduction to Oceanography Section N01 Fall Semester 2013 CO… https://westga.view.usg.edu/d2l/lms/quizzing/user/attempt/quiz_attempt…
31 of 34 11/20/2013 3:24 PM
Question 113 (1 point)
Question 114 (1 point)
Question 115 (1 point)
Australia in the South Pacific Ocean
India the Indian Ocean
Brazil in the South Atlantic Ocean
Siberia in the Arctic Ocean
Japan in the North Pacific Ocean
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In the accompanying photomicrograph, letter “D” indicates which type of calcareous marine microorganism?
coccolithophore (single)
coccoliths (individual plates)
coccolithophores (multiple)
foraminifers
diatom (siliceous)
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Which of the following are calcareous plants?
diatoms
ooids
foraminifera
radiolaria
coccoliths
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Poorly sorted sediment deposits containing rock fragments in a fine-grained matrix that might conjure images of Alfred Wegener are called
Quiz – Introduction to Oceanography Section N01 Fall Semester 2013 CO… https://westga.view.usg.edu/d2l/lms/quizzing/user/attempt/quiz_attempt…
32 of 34 11/20/2013 3:24 PM
Question 116 (1 point)
Question 117 (1 point)
Question 118 (1 point)
Question 119 (1 point)
lutites
stalactites
breccias
melanges
diamictites
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Where on the ocean floor would you be most likely to find sediment dominated by foraminifera?
below the CCD
in the deepest parts of ocean basins
beneath warm waters
in shallower portions of ocean basins
beneath cold waters
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Sediments found on continental shelves, are derived from land and ocean sources, and which may accumulate very rapidly are classified as ________ sediments.
pelagic
cosmogenous
lithogenous
neritic
hydrogenous
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What is the name of the type of fine-grained biogenous sediment consisting primarily of dead single-celled marine organisms that have settled to the bottom the ocean.
turbidites
ooids
lithogenous
manganese nodules
ooze
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In the accompanying photomicrograph, the organisms labeled E fit all of the following descriptions except ___.
foraminifers
coccoliths (individual plates)
coccolithophores (multiple)
diatom (siliceous)
coccolithophore (single)
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Quiz – Introduction to Oceanography Section N01 Fall Semester 2013 CO… https://westga.view.usg.edu/d2l/lms/quizzing/user/attempt/quiz_attempt…
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Question 120 (1 point)
On the bar graph in the accompanying diagram, bar “C” corresponds to which type of sediment?
abyssal clay
ooliths
siliceous ooze
manganese nodules
calcareous ooze
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Quiz – Introduction to Oceanography Section N01 Fall Semester 2013 CO… https://westga.view.usg.edu/d2l/lms/quizzing/user/attempt/quiz_attempt…
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